Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory to Improve Children's Self-Care: An Integrative Review.

Often school-age children are thought of as dependent on their parents and not necessarily involved in behaviors related to their own self-care. It is important to implement and advance self-care performance early in life to promote healthy lifestyles. This review examined the use of Orem's Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory in relation to children's self-care behaviors. This integrative review followed the Whittemore and Knafl guidelines. A systematic search was conducted using the nursing databases. The sixteen study articles were identified for the review, and five themes were identified. Children can develop skills and actively participate in maintaining health and wellbeing. Self-care programs based on Orem's theory are well suited to assist individuals including children to improve self-care skills that lead better self-care practices. Nurses guided by Orem's SCDNT will be well equipped to promote children's knowledge and self-care skills for maintaining health and preventing negative health outcomes.

A Rome Working Team Report on Brain-Gut Behavior Therapies for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This Rome Foundation Working Team Report reflects the consensus of an international interdisciplinary team of experts regarding the use of behavioral interventions, specifically brain-gut behavior therapies (BGBTs), in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs). METHODS: The committee members reviewed the extant scientific literature and, when possible, addressed gaps in this literature through the lens of their clinical and scientific expertise. The Delphi method was used to create consensus on the goals, structure, and framework before writing the report. The report is broken into 5 parts: 1) definition and evidence for BGBT, 2) the gut-brain axis as the mechanistic basis for BGBT, 3) targets of BGBTs, 4) common and unique therapeutic techniques seen in BGBT, and 5) who and how to refer for BGBT. RESULTS: We chose to not only review for the reader the 5 existing classes of BGBT and their evidence, but to connect DGBI-specific behavioral targets and techniques as they relate directly, or in some cases indirectly, to the gut-brain axis. In doing so, we expect to increase gastrointestinal providers' confidence in identifying and referring appropriate candidates for BGBT and to support clinical decision making for mental health professionals providing BGBT. CONCLUSIONS: Both gastrointestinal medical providers and behavioral health providers have an opportunity to optimize care for DGBIs through a collaborative integrated approach that begins with an effective patient-provider relationship, thoughtful communication about the brain-gut axis and, when appropriate, a well communicated referral to BGBT.

Self-Care Capacity and Its Relationship to Age, Disability, and Perceived Well-Being in Medicare Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: Self-care is a multicomponent set of capacities that influence beliefs about health and well-being. OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between self-care capacity, age, and disability status with two perceptions of well-being in a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: The current study is part of a multisite research project to determine factors associated with cross-sectional and longitudinal morbidity and mortality trajectories observed in Medicare beneficiaries. Variable selection was informed by the health disparities and outcomes model. Using data from the 2013 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and logistic regression models, we determined associations between self-care capacity, including indicators of self-care ability and self-care agency and two perceptions of well-being. Participants were divided into four groups based on how they qualified for Medicare: (a) over 65 years of age, and below 65 years of age and disabled because of (b) physical or (c) mental disorder, or (d) disabled and could not be classified as physically or mentally disabled as the primary cause of eligibility. RESULTS: Self-care ability limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of living (IADL), and social activity participation were associated with both health perceptions. Those with physical disabilities reported more ADL and IADL limitations when compared with the other eligibility groups and were significantly more likely to have negative health perceptions. Those with serious mental illness were most likely to report the most severe IADL limitations. The over 65 years of age group reported less self-care incapacity than the other three eligibility types. Other components of self-care, including health literacy, agency, and health behaviors, significantly influenced perceptions of health. Women and people identifying as non-Whites were more likely to have negative health perceptions. DISCUSSION: Self-care capacity is a complex construct, and its varied elements have differential relationships with perceptions of well-being. Those with physical disabilities reported more self-care limitations, poorer perceived health, and more health worries than the other groups. Still, there were different patterns of self-care capacities in the serious mental illness type-especially in IADL limitations. The study adds empirical evidence to previous research documenting inequities in health outcomes for women and non-Whites. Findings provide empirical support for the health disparities and outcomes model.

Mental health care of health workers during Covid-19: Recommendations based on evidence and expert consensus.

INTRODUCTION: The crisis situation generated by COVID-19 and the measures adopted have generated social changes in the normal dynamics of the general population and especially for health workers, who find themselves caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection. Recent studies have detected in them depression and anxiety symptoms and burnout syndrome, with personal and social conditions impacting their response capacity during the health emergency. Our aim was to generate recommendations for the promotion and protection of the mental health of health workers and teams in the first line of care in the health emergency due to COVID-19. METHODS: A rapid literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar, and an iterative expert consensus and through electronic consultation, with 13 participants from the areas of psychology, psychiatry and medicine; the grading of its strength and directionality was carried out according to the international standards of the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Thirty-one recommendations were generated on self-care of health workers, community care among health teams, screening for alarm signs in mental health and for health institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The promotion and protection activities in mental health to face the health emergency generated by COVID-19 worldwide can include coordinated actions between workers, health teams and health institutions as part of a comprehensive, community care, co-responsible and sustained over time.

Real-World Practices and Attitudes Towards Intimate Self- Care: Results From An International Women's Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Vulvovaginal health is important to women's overall health, fertility, sexuality, self-perception, self-confidence and intimacy. It is important to identify the existing perceptions and levels of knowledge about intimate care practices from women in different countries, and with different cultures, religions, and perspectives to help women overcome barriers to optimal intimate care. METHODS: An anonymous online survey about general and intimate hygiene routines/habits was distributed across 10 countries (England, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Russia, China, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand). The sample consisted of around 10,000 women (aged 18 to 60 years) recruited through an online panel. RESULTS: The survey indicates that for many women, cleaning the intimate area is not just about hygiene, but also about taking care of themselves. Intimate care practices, performed daily, varies widely among the countries (from 38% to 91%). Italy, Philippines Portugal, Russia and Thailand were the countries with higher percentage. Intimate care is mainly associated with hygiene and health benefit, but interestingly women engage in intimate care more often with age. Most women worldwide are comfortable talking about female genitalia but still consider it a taboo topic, particularly among younger generations. Asian countries continue to carry negative connotations. CONCLUSIONS: This survey is the first of its kind for number of women involved in this research and for multi-cultural design. Women perceive that practicing intimate care positively impacts their health and wellbeing. However, intimate care is still not one of the most frequent daily routines for many women.

Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the diabetic foot self-care questionnaire in Iranian patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot self-care refers to a group of self-management behaviors that can reduce the incidence of foot ulcers and amputations. It is necessary to have a valid and reliable standard tool to measure foot self-care in diabetic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Diabetic Foot Self-Care Questionnaire of the University of Malaga, Spain (DFSQ-UMA) in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 407 diabetic patients who were selected using a convenient sampling method. Construct validity was assessed by exploratory (with 207 patients) and confirmatory (with 200 patients) factor analyses. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. RESULTS: In the exploratory factor analysis, three factors with eigenvalues of 3.84, 2.41, and 2.26 were extracted that together explained 56.74% of the total variance of diabetic foot self-care. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.865 was found for the total instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the DFSQ-UMA has good validity and reliability, and given its good psychometric properties, it can be used in future studies.

Examining elevated blood pressure and the effects of diabetes self-management education on blood pressure among a sample of Marshallese with type 2 diabetes in Arkansas.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a leading risk factor for heart attack and stroke. Undiagnosed hypertension increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. The risk of hypertension is increased for those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes self-management education (DSME) has been shown to be effective at improving clinical outcomes, including reducing blood pressure, but few studies have evaluated the effects of DSME for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. METHODS: This study examined the baseline prevalence of diagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed high blood pressure and differences in health care access between those with diagnosed hypertension versus undiagnosed high blood pressure. The sample consisted of 221 Marshallese adults with T2DM participating in a DSME randomized controlled trial in northwest Arkansas. The study also examined the effects of DSME interventions on participants' blood pressure, comparing an Adapted-Family DSME with a Standard DSME. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of participants had blood pressure readings indicative of hypertension, and of those, over one-third were previously undiagnosed. The frequency of doctor visits was significantly lower for those with undiagnosed high blood pressure. There were no differences in health insurance coverage or forgone medical care between those with undiagnosed high blood pressure versus diagnosed hypertension. Across all participants, a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure occurred between baseline and post intervention, and a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure occurred between baseline and post-intervention, 6 months, and 12 months post-intervention. No differences were observed by study arm. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to document the prevalence of diagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed high blood pressure, as well as the effects of DSME on blood pressure among a sample of Marshallese adults with T2DM.

Patient experiences of self-care management after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer form in Sweden and side effects of the leading treatment, radical prostatectomy, include urinary leakage and erectile dysfunction. Patients are recommended to perform self-care to reduce side effects, but their experiences of performing self-care management after radical prostatectomy are largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding about patient experiences of support for managing self-care during the first six months after radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Eighteen patients were consecutively recruited six months after surgery and individual interviews were conducted. The study had a descriptive qualitative approach and inductive content analysis was used. RESULTS: Patients described self-care management during the first half-year after surgery as a progression with growth in self-management skills through interconnected phases, from initially striving to get a grasp of the situation and find supportive relationships, to getting grounded in the new situation and taking command of the situation. At six months after surgery, patients had reached a point where they needed to maneuver feelings about long-term consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized routines ensure a certain level of care, but are sparsely adjustable to patients' progression in self-care management. For sustained self-care behaviors, tailored and interactive support is required from multiple disciplines and peers, in order for a patient to get grounded in and take command of the situation.

Validity and reliability of the Self-Care Activities Screening Scale (SASS-14) during COVID-19 lockdown.

BACKGROUND: In a context where there is no treatment for the current COVID-19 virus, the combination of self-care behaviours together with confinement, are strategies to decrease the risk of contagion and remain healthy. However, there are no self-care measures to screen self-care activities in general population and which, could be briefly in a lockdown situation. This research aims to build and validate a psychometric tool to screen self-care activities in general population. METHODS: Firstly, an exploratory factor analysis was performed in a sample of 226 participants to discover the underlying factorial structure and to reduce the number of items in the original tool into a significant pool of items related to self-care. Later a confirmatory factor analyses were performed in a new sample of 261 participants to test for the fit and goodness of factor solutions. Internal validity, reliability, and convergent validity between its score with perceived stress and psychological well-being measures were examined on this sample. RESULTS: The exploratory analyses suggested a four-factor solution, corresponding to health consciousness, nutrition and physical activity, sleep, and intra-personal and inter-personal coping skills (14 items). Then, the four-factor structure was confirmed as the best model fit for self-care activities. The tool demonstrated good reliability, predictive validity of individuals' perception of coping with COVID-19 lockdown, and convergent validity with well-being and perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: This screening tool could be helpful to address future evaluations and interventions to promote healthy behaviours. Likewise, this tool can be targeted to specific population self-care's needs during a scalable situation.

An integrative review and theoretical examination of chronic illness mHealth studies using the Middle-Range Theory of Self-care of Chronic Illness.

Self-management, or self-care, by individuals and/or families is a critical element in chronic illness management as more care shifts to the home setting. Mobile device-enhanced health care, or mHealth, is being touted as a means to support self-care. Previous mHealth reviews examined the effect of mHealth on patient outcomes, however, none used a theoretical lens to examine the interventions themselves. The aims of this integrative review were to examine recent (e.g., last 10 years) chronic illness mHealth empiric studies and (1) categorize self-care behaviors engaged in the intervention according to the Middle-Range Theory of Self-care of Chronic Illness, and (2) conduct an analysis of gaps in self-care theory domains and behaviors utilized. Methods included: (1) Best practice study identification, collection, and data extraction procedures and (2) realist synthesis techniques for within and across case analysis. From a pool of 652 records, 33 primarily North American clinical trials, published between 2010 and 2019 were examined. Most mHealth interventions used apps, clinician contact, and behavioral prompts with some wireless devices. Examination found self-care maintenance behaviors were supported in most (n = 30) trials whereas self-care monitoring (n = 12) and self-care management behaviors (n = 8) were less so. Few trials (n = 2) targeted all three domains. Investigation of specific behaviors uncovered an overexamination of physical activity and diet behaviors and an underexamination of equally important behaviors. By examining chronic illness mHealth interventions using a theoretical lens we have categorized current interventions, conducted a gap analysis uncovering areas for future study, and made recommendations to move the science forward.

The buffering effect of social support on diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Social support may buffer or decrease the negative effects of diabetes distress (DD) and depressive symptoms on diabetes outcomes. We assessed the buffering role of social support in the relationship between DD and self-care and depressive symptoms and self-care in adults with Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 (T2D) diabetes. METHODS: Participants completed the Diabetes Distress Scale for T2D or T1D, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey and the Self-Care Inventory-Revised. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression models using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: A total of 325 adults (median age = 40.5 years, 62.2% women, 86.5% White; 59.7% T2D, A1C = 59 ± 6 mmol/mol or 7.5 ± 1.6%; median duration = 11.0 years) participated. Greater social support buffered the negative effects of DD on self-care (R2 Δ = 0.015, p = 0.024) as well as depressive symptoms on self-care (R2 Δ = 0.024, p = 0.004) in participants with T1D and T2D. Both regression models recorded medium effect sizes (F2  = 0.220, F2  = 0.234 respectively). Social support subscale analyses showed tangible support (R2 Δ = 0.016, p = 0.018) and affectionate support (R2 Δ = 0.016, p = 0.020) buffered DD and self-care, and emotional support (R2 Δ = 0.015, p = 0.022), tangible support (R2 Δ = 0.020, p = 0.009), affectionate support (R2 Δ = 0.025, p = 0.004) and positive interaction support (R2 Δ = 0.017, p = 0.018) buffered depressive symptoms and self-care. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that social support buffers the impact of DD and depressive symptoms on self-care in adults with T1D and T2D. Additional research is needed to confirm the buffering role of social support on DD and depressive symptoms. Greater understanding of these interactions may help improve clinical care and outcomes.

Faith Community Nursing: Faith Element Enhances Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Program Outcomes.

The high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans makes faith-based education programs culturally appropriate. Faith-enhanced health education is a way to reach these often healthcare-disenfranchised populations. With Every Heartbeat is Life (WEHL), a community-based heart health program, was enhanced with Scripture and prayer for this project. The program took place in an African American nondenominational church. The Scripture-enhanced WEHL program emphasized biblical teachings of self-care with standard lessons on nutrition, exercise, smoking cessation, and disease management interventions that increased knowledge of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risks.

Lessons learned from the implementation of a video health coaching technology intervention to improve self-care of family caregivers of adults with heart failure.

Individuals with heart failure (HF) typically live in the community and are cared for at home by family caregivers. These caregivers often lack supportive services and the time to access those services when available. Technology can play a role in conveniently bringing needed support to these caregivers. The purpose of this article is to describe the implementation of a virtual health coaching intervention with caregivers of HF patients ("Virtual Caregiver Coach for You"-ViCCY). A randomized controlled trial is currently in progress to test the efficacy of the intervention to improve self-care. In this trial, 250 caregivers will be randomly assigned to receive health information via a tablet computer (hereafter, tablet) plus 10 live health coaching sessions delivered virtually (intervention group; n = 125) or health information via a tablet only (control group; n = 125). Each tablet has specific health information websites preloaded. To inform others embarking on similar technology projects, here we highlight the technology challenges encountered with the first 15 caregivers who received the ViCCY intervention and the solutions used to overcome those challenges. Several adaptations to the implementation of ViCCY were needed to address hardware, software, and network connectivity challenges. Even with a well-designed research implementation plan, it is important to re-examine strategies at every step to solve implementation barriers and maximize fidelity to the intervention. Researcher and interventionist flexibility in adapting to new strategies is essential when implementing a technology-based virtual health coaching intervention.

Ready or not? Greater readiness for independent self-care predicts better self-management but not HbA1c in teens with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Prior to the transfer from paediatric to adult health care transition, teens with type 1 diabetes seek increasing independence in diabetes self-care while parent involvement in care decreases. Yet, few teens attain glycaemic targets. This study aimed to assess changes in perceived readiness for independent self-care in teens with type 1 diabetes over 18 months, from both teens' and parents' perspectives, and to evaluate its predictive value for diabetes self-management and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: At baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months, 178 teens with type 1 diabetes (mean ± SD age 14.9±1.3 years; HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.0% (69 ± 11 mmol/mol); 48% female) and their parents completed the Readiness for Independent Self-Care Questionnaire (RISQ-T and RISQ-P, respectively) and a measure of self-management. Chart review provided HbA1c values. Statistical analyses encompassed bivariate correlations, paired t-tests and multivariable longitudinal mixed models. RESULTS: Teens perceived greater self-care readiness than their parents at baseline and over 18 months of follow-up. Both teen and parent perceptions of teen readiness for independent self-care increased over time, and significantly predicted higher teen self- and parent proxy-reported teen diabetes self-management, respectively, but not improved HbA1c . CONCLUSIONS: The current findings may point to a disconnect between how increased readiness for independent self-care may translate into better perceived diabetes self-management, but not into better HbA1c . In an effort to optimize HbA1c in teens with type 1 diabetes, future research is needed to design interventions that align perceived readiness for independent self-care with self-care behaviours that improve HbA1c .

At-home exercises for 4 common musculoskeletal complaints.

This pictorial review can help you advise patients on how to reduce pain and increase ROM, strength, and balance following acute injury or in chronic impairment.

Content Validation of Clinical Evidence Related to Self-Care Deficits of Patients With Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to develop the conceptual and operational definitions for the defining characteristics of each nursing diagnosis related to self-care deficits of patients with stroke and to validate these definitions with experts. METHODS: This was a methodological study. The definitions were evaluated by 32 specialists and analyzed using binomial testing. RESULTS: All the defining characteristics analyzed were statistically significant (p < .05); three indicators showed agreement at a level lower than the ideal (<0.85). CONCLUSION: The definitions achieved validity for measuring self-care deficit for bathing, toileting, dressing, and eating. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: These defining characteristics of each nursing diagnosis related to self-care deficits may enable more accurate assessment, driving relevant and individualized action plans in rehabilitation.

Diabetes management interventions for homeless adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies investigating diabetes show that inequalities to access appropriate care still persists. Whilst most of the general population are able to access a suitable quality of care, there are a number of groups who fail to receive the same standard. The objective of this review was to identify existing diabetes management interventions for homeless adults. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in February 2017, and repeated in September 2020. RESULTS: Of the 223 potentially relevant articles identified, only 26 were retrieved for detailed evaluation, and 6 met the inclusion criteria. Papers focusing on the management of diabetes in homeless people were included. The studies used interventions including diabetes education; medication support and supplies for blood monitoring; improvements in self-care behaviours; improvements in diabetes control; patient empowerment/engagement; and community engagement/partnerships. CONCLUSIONS: Effective strategies for addressing the challenges and obstacles that the homeless population face, requires innovative, multi-sectored, flexible and well-coordinated models of care. Without appropriate support, these groups of people are prone to experience poor control of their diabetes; resulting in an increased risk of developing major health complications.

Implementation of a Disease Management Program in Adult Patients With Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 5.7 million people in the United States are diagnosed and living with heart failure (HF), with projected prevalence rates to increase 46% by 2030. Heart failure leads hospital admissions in the United States for individuals 65 years or older, with many acute exacerbation admissions resulting from a lack of medication management, poor patient treatment plan adherence, and lack of appropriate follow-up within the health care system. In 2017, the 30-day HF readmission rate at the facility of implementation was 27%, 3% higher than the national average and, more specifically, 18.5% for the cardiac care unit (CCU). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop an HF disease management program to reduce 30-day readmission rates for HF patients through the implementation of a structured program including self-care education utilizing the teach-back method, multimodal medication reconciliation, multidisciplinary consultation, telephone follow-up within 48-72 hr of discharge, and follow-up visit within 7-10 days of discharge. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTING: The implementation of the disease management program took place at a major military treatment facility in the continental United States. The facility is a teaching facility housing a 272-bed multispecialty hospital and an ambulatory complex. The implementation took place on the CCU, the primary unit for cardiac admissions, with approximately 30 admissions a month for a primary diagnosis of HF. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE: In August 2018, a multidisciplinary disease management program was implemented to include patient education utilizing the teach-back method, multimodal medication reconciliation, multidisciplinary consultation, telephone follow-up within 48-72 hr of discharge, and follow-up visit within 7-10 days of discharge. Data were collected and analyzed for 90 days and compared with retrospective data from 2017. FINDINGS: Participants in the disease management program had a statistically significant improvement (p < .001) in the hospital readmission rate. The overall 30-day readmission rate decreased from 27% to 10.2% during the implementation period, a decrease of 38%. Ninety-three percent of the patients completed the self-care education, and telephone follow-up was successfully achieved with 96% of these patients. Only 4 patients in the HF disease management program experienced readmission within 30 days. Patients and caregivers reported increased satisfaction with their care due to the disease management program and increased follow-up with care. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: The findings of this innovation suggest that a multidisciplinary disease management program can reduce avoidable 30-day readmissions. The program improved patient follow-up and decreased follow-up appointment no-shows. Multiple participants expressed increased patient satisfaction. The program supports the need for coordinated, interdisciplinary disease management to improve the quality of life of those affected by HF and improve the use of resources to reduce the overall health care burden. Case management is critical to the organized care of HF patients due to the complex, individualized care to achieve optimum patient outcomes.

Mobile Insight in Risk, Resilience, and Online Referral (MIRROR): Psychometric Evaluation of an Online Self-Help Test.

BACKGROUND: Most people who experience a potentially traumatic event (PTE) recover on their own. A small group of individuals develops psychological complaints, but this is often not detected in time or guidance to care is suboptimal. To identify these individuals and encourage them to seek help, a web-based self-help test called Mobile Insight in Risk, Resilience, and Online Referral (MIRROR) was developed. MIRROR takes an innovative approach since it integrates both negative and positive outcomes of PTEs and time since the event and provides direct feedback to the user. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess MIRROR's use, examine its psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity), and evaluate how well it classifies respondents into different outcome categories compared with reference measures. METHODS: MIRROR was embedded in the website of Victim Support Netherlands so visitors could use it. We compared MIRROR's outcomes to reference measures of PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), depression, anxiety, stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21), psychological resilience (Resilience Evaluation Scale), and positive mental health (Mental Health Continuum Short Form). RESULTS: In 6 months, 1112 respondents completed MIRROR, of whom 663 also completed the reference measures. Results showed good internal consistency (interitem correlations range .24 to .55, corrected item-total correlations range .30 to .54, and Cronbach alpha coefficient range .62 to .68), and convergent and divergent validity (Pearson correlations range -.259 to .665). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA+CFA) yielded a 2-factor model with good model fit (CFA model fit indices: χ219=107.8, P<.001, CFI=.965, TLI=.948, RMSEA=.065), conceptual meaning, and parsimony. MIRROR correctly classified respondents into different outcome categories compared with the reference measures. CONCLUSIONS: MIRROR is a valid and reliable self-help test to identify negative (PTSD complaints) and positive outcomes (psychosocial functioning and resilience) of PTEs. MIRROR is an easily accessible online tool that can help people who have experienced a PTE to timely identify psychological complaints and find appropriate support, a tool that might be highly needed in times like the coronavirus pandemic.